I.  All classes:
   A. Study for tomorrow's mid-term exam.   
   B. Don't forget to bring with you at least one #2 Pencil!
   C. Extra credit - when you bring your study guide with you so that you can turn it in after the mid-term, write at top of front page the answer to this question:

• When the test question asks you to "explain" or "give evidence to support your answer", what word(s) will you include in your test answer?"

II.  Study Guide Answers: 7th Grade first, then 6th Grade (it's pretty far down this page - don't give up!):
   A. 7th Graders will also have Magnification homework sheet. Follow the examples and use the rulers at the
     bottom of the page!!

   B. 7th Grade Answers to Science Content Review Sheet: (to be inserted later - by 5 pm tonight)
7th Grade first

Studying People Scientifically

Key Vocabulary

1. Independent variable - the choice that you make to change one variable.
2. Dependent variable - the result that you measure at the end, which may be caused by the independent variable.
3. control  -                                                                                                                                  controlled variables - factors that could change the outcome of the experiment but are kept constant.
   control group -  a group that receives a placebo, which seems identical to the actual medicine being tested, for comparison purposes; no variables are changed except missing experimental treatment .
4. Hypothesis -  A testable prediction; a possible explanation for observations,facts, or events, that may be tested, verified, or answered by further investigation.
5. Quantitative data - data (objective observations and evidence gathered in an experiment) that includes measurements or other numbers;  
6. Qualitative data - observations or evidence without numbers.

Analysis Questions

1. Describe the components of a good experimental design:                                                                   a) is based on a hypothesis; b) has clear and complete procedures;  c) only allows one variable to change;  d) has a control group for comparison;  e) data recorded includes careful accurate measurements and qualitative observations;  f) results are reproducible.  See handout for others.
2. Describe the steps of the scientific method.  The traditional model includes:

a) Problem or question to be answered; b) hypothesis; c) experimental design, including materials and procedures (the steps you plan to follow). In a well-designed experiment, you should only have one Independent Variable.  d) Data - Collect evidence by making observations as you conduct an experiment.
e) Data Analysis, which can be quantitative (with numbers) or qualitative (without numbers).  f) Draw conclusions and, if necessary, repeat the experiment
3) Compare qualitative vs. quantitative data - both are objective information and observations from an experiment that may help prove or disprove a hypothesis; but one lacks numbers.

UNIT: Body Works

Key Vocabulary
7. Skeletal – provides support and body shape, ability to move, and in some bones, the production of blood cells.
    tendons - tissue that connects muscle to bone.
    joints - where two or more bones meet, which allows movement of structures containing those bones.
    ligaments - tissue that connects bone to bone.
8. Circulatory – function: allows the transport of blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes.
    arteries - carries blood away from the heart -usually oxygenated blood, except for arteries that go to the lungs.
    capillaries - carries blood from arteries to the cells, and then back to veins so it can be returned to the heart.
    veins - carries blood back to the heart -usually de-oxygenated blood.
    heart - two pumps in one organ that moves blood to the lungs and to all cells in the body.
9. Respiratory – exchanges gases - brings oxygen into the body, and helps the body expel carbon dioxide.
     lungs- expand to bring in oxygen from outside the body, and then contract to expel carbon dioxide.
10. Digestive – breaks down and absorbs food to get nutrients and water, then expels wastes.
      mouth - chemical and mechanical digestion
      esophagus -  mechanical digestion
      stomach - mostly chemical digestion
      large intestine - water absorption and some chemical digestion
      small intestine - mostly chemical digestion
11. Function - the job that is done by a part of an organism
12. Chemical and Mechanical digestion - chemical digestion breaks bonds so tthe body's cells can convert nutrients to usable energy; mechanical digestion increases surface area to make chemical digestion faster and more efficient.

Analysis Questions
4. Explain the functions of the skeletal system - provides support and body shape, ability to move, and in some bones, the production of blood cells.
5.  Explain the function and order of the digestive system organs - breaks down and absorbs food to get nutrients and water, then expels wastes.
6. Explain the location and purpose of mechanical and chemical breakdown -  mechanical digestion in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach increases surface area to make chemical digestion faster and more efficient;  chemical digestion in the mouth, stomach, and intestines breaks bonds so the body's cells can convert nutrients to usable energy.

7. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory and circulatory systems and their relationship to each other. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together - the respiratory system brings oxygen from outside of the body so that it can be absorbed by blood through capillaries in the alveoli in the lungs. The blood is then circulated through pulmonary veins back to the heart so that it can be pumped to cells throughout the body.  The oxygen crosses capillary walls into body cells, which give up their carbon dioxide across capillary walls to be carried back to the lungs to be exhaled.
8. List the levels of organization from cell to systems in order. cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems.


  UNIT:  Cells [Biology and Disease]
Key Vocabulary

13. Magnification - The extent to which an image of an object is magnified.
14. Cell membrane - the structure of a cell that separates the cell from its external environment.
      cytoplasm - the material that fills much of the inside of cells.
      mitochondria - the organelles that produce most of the energy that cells need.  These organelles produce energy from oxygen and nutrients.
      nucleus - the cell's control room.  Nucleus is a small dark center within many cells which directs the cell's activities (e.g., growth and reproduction) and holds most of the cell's DNA.  [An "organelle"is any of the tiny structures within cells that help cells do their jobs.]
15. Vaccine - A substance that stimulates the body’s immune response in order to prevent or control an infection.
Analysis Questions
9. Describe the major organelles and their functions -cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria (see above for functions)
10. Describe the structure and function of cells - Structure: cytoplasm enclosed by a cell membrane and containing organelles.  Function: cellular respiration and reproduction.
11. Compare plant and animal cells- Both plant and animal cells contain cytoplasm enclosed by a cell membrane.  Both types of cell contain many of the same organelles, including the nucleus and mitochondria. Plant cells, however, also contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells lack.
12. What are methods people use in the prevention and the spread of disease (trade-offs)?
  See project sheet.  NOTE: Hand-washing.  Trade off: advantage is that you avoid catching and spreading disease and the pain and medical costs and lost time that go with getting sick, while the disadvantages include time (you should wash your hands long enough to sing the national anthem to yourself), cost of soap and water, and dry skin if you must wash often (like doctors or chefs).   Also, project sheet includes antibiotics and antiviral medicines, vaccines, wearing gloves and masks and other protective gear, getting good rest and nutrition.
13. List some single celled organisms: amoeba, yeast, protist, anthrax bacillus, paramecium.

   C.  6th Grade answers to Science Content Review Sheet
UNIT: Studying Materials Scientifically
Key vocabulary:
1. Mass – the amount of matter in an object.

2. Volume - the amount of space taken up by an object.

3. Density – the amount of matter in a certain volume (how much “stuff” is in a “space”). Formula is D=m/v

4. Displacement –Change in volume (how much the water level moves up) when you put an object into water. (ex: what happens to the water level when you get into a filled bath tub?).

5. Mixtures – Two or more substances that have been physically combined (put in the same place at the same time). These substances don’t bond, so each substance keeps its own chemical properties, and mixtures can be separated physically (e.g., with Droppers, pipettes, funnel, forceps or tweezers, screen, filter, etc).

6. Toxic – Poisonous; a substance that may cause harm to people or other living things.

7. Flammable – a substance that catches on fire when exposed to spark, flame or heat.

8. Corrosive – a substance that reacts with a solid material. Ex: sulfuric and other acids corrode metals like iron.

Analysis questions:
1) How do you measure mass?  
     Use a triple-beam balance or other scale.
2) What methods can be used to separate mixtures?
     Pick apart with tweezers/ forceps; filter using a sieve, metal screen or filter paper in a funnel; remove liquid layers with an eyedropper or through boiling or evaporation; pull apart using a magnet.
3) How do you calculate volume?
     For a rectangular solid, multiply length x width x height (v = L x W x H); for a cylinder, v = r2h.
4) What is the Water displacement method?
     Into a measured volume of water (Vi or initial volume), put an object into water. The water level in the graduated cylinder should go up. From Vf (or final volume), subtract initial (starting) volume. The difference in water level when you put an object into water is equal to the volume of the object.
5) What is the Measurement method?
    Measure length (l), width (w), and height (h) to the nearest 0.1 cm with your metric ruler. Then use the following formula to calculate volume: v = l x w x h
6) How do you calculate density?
    D = M /V where m = mass and v = volume.

UNIT: Chemistry of Materials
Key vocabulary:
[ Properties are characteristics of each substance, and we can use the properties of each substance to distinguish (tell the difference) between substances. Properties may be physical or chemical. ]
9. Physical properties – A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the nature of   
    the substance. These properties don’t change whether the sample is large or small.
10. Chemical properties – A specific result of a test with another chemical.
11. Periodic table – An arrangement of the elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with
     similar properties are in the same column. Mendeleev’s periodic table shows the similarities and
     differences of the elements.
12. Atom – the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a reaction.
13. Atomic mass – The number used to put elements in order into the Periodic Table, this is the number of 
     neutrons and protons in an atom of an element.
14. Molecule – 2 or more atoms bonded together; smallest particle of a compound with the properties of that compound.
15. Elements – pure substances that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances; made up of only one type of atom. Ex: O, H, C.
16. Compound - a pure substance made up of 2 or more substances that have been chemically combined. A compound has different properties than the elements from which it is made. Ex: water (H2O); carbon dioxide (CO2).
17. Dilution –when a substance is mixed with water. This does not change the waste chemically, but decreases the concentration of waste per volume of water, so waste can be disposed of.
18. Concentration – how much of a certain material is dissolved in another material; Concentrated means: A HIGH AMOUNT OF SOLUTE PER UNIT OF SOLUTION; UNDILUTED
19. Density – (repeated from 3, above: the amount of matter in a certain volume (how much “stuff” is in a “space”). Formula is D=m/v)

Analysis questions:
7) What are examples of chemical and physical properties?
a. Physical props ex: color, density, flexibility, hardness, state and electrical conductivity.
b. Chemical props – flammability, pH, whether a substance reacts with oxygen or acid or base, or a unique   
    color change in a chemical reaction.
8) What are the similarities and differences between elements and compounds?
     Similarities: both are pure substances. Differences: Compounds have different properties than the elements
     that make them up. Compounds can be chemically separated, and elements can’t. Compounds are made
     up of 1 type of molecule, while elements are made up of 1 type of atom.
9) How do you make a serial dilution?
     Dissolve 1 drop of food coloring into 10 drops of water (10% or 100,000 ppm);
     then take 1 drop of THAT solution into 10 drops of water (1% or 10,000 ppm),
     then dissolve 1 drop of THAT solution into 10 drops of water (.1% or 1,000 ppm),
     and then….. (predict)

UNIT: Water
Key vocabulary:
10) Solution – when one substance is dissolved in another.
11) Solute – one substance that gets dissolved into another.
12) solvent – the substance that does the dissolving.
13) Universal solvent – water is best at dissolving many other materials.
14) Biological contamination – LIVING OR ONCE-LIVING ORGANISMS
15) Chemical contamination – ANY NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS FROM HUMAN ACTIVITY.
Analysis questions:
10) List and classify some examples of biological (B) and chemical contamination (C)?
Viruses_B, copper C, bacteria B, protists B, mercury C, lead C, oil C, feces B, chromium C.

11) Why is water called the universal solvent?
BECAUSE WATER IS SO GOOD AT DISSOLVING OTHER SUBSTANCES, IT WILL BREAK MORE MATERIALS DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES THAN ANYTHING ELSE.