Note: Body Works Unit 1 Test is planned for Wed. Nov. 15
Please complete and re-read your Study Guide for unit test. This Study Guide was passed out in class Thursday, evaluated today. Please be sure to bring in your Study Guide to the test on Wednesday.
SPS/
Body Works
Study Guide
Study Guide
With
Answers
1.What
is the primary purpose of making observations?
d.Gathering data.
2. A well-designed experiment includes:
a. No control group or a
control group
2. A well-designed experiment includes:
b. Small sample size or large sample size
2. A well-designed experiment includes:
c. Procedures that others can recreate & repeat……
or are not reproducible
2.
A well-designed experiment includes:
d. One trial only……or
multiple trials
3.
What is a variable? Define:
Any
factor that can affect the outcome of the experiment.
4.
What are the 3 types of variables discussed in class? Name them.
a)_Independent (memory trick for this one is: Change)
b)_Dependent _ (memory trick for this one is: Result you
measure)
c)_Constant_ (memory trick for this one
is: Stays the Same)
5.
What would be an example of the three types of variables? Natalie’s new plant
fertilizer ….
a.Independent
- the thing that was changed
in
the experiment was some plants got fertilizer and
some did not.
- Why is it important to only have one?
Because
otherwise if an experiment had more than one
independent variable, we could not tell what caused any
effects, or changes in result.
5.
What would be an example of the three types of variables? Natalie’s new plant
fertilizer ….
b.
dependent –
The Result measured at the end is the average height of the
plants with
fertilizer, and of the plants without fertilizer.
5.
What would be an example of the three types of variables? Natalie’s new plant
fertilizer ….
c. controlled
(or constant) –
would include any of the following variables that stayed the same:
¨type
of seed,
¨Type
of soil
¨Type
of planters
¨amount
of soil;
¨amount
of water;
¨amount
of air;
¨amount
of light;
¨Temperature;
¨Amount
of time to grow (4 weeks).
6.
Write a hypothesis for Natalie’s experiment:
“IF
Natalie gives fertilizer to some plants, then the fertilized plants will grow
taller than
plants that don’t get fertilized.”
8. What
was the cause of Pellagra found by Dr. Goldberger?
Prisoners
and orphans survived on a
poor diet of
fatback, cornbread and syrup.
Dr.
Goldberger found that this low quality /low variety diet of food causes
pellagra.
9.
Write a hypothesis for Dr. Goldberger’s experiment:
¨If Prisoners and orphans with pellagra eat only a good diet (with bread, fruits, vegetables, milk, healthy proteins a/k/a meat), then their pellagra will be cured.
¨If Prisoners eat only a poor diet (of fatback, cornbread and syrup), then they will get pellagra.
¨If Prisoners eat only a poor diet (of fatback, cornbread and syrup), then they will get pellagra.
10.
Explain how Dr. Goldberger limited variables to find the real cause of
pellagra. Why was this important?
Answer:
Dr. Goldberger eliminated* the
other proposed causes (bad corn, bacteria, insects), and helped
establish that the poor Southern diet causes pellagra.
*
Gave them clean clothes & beds, made
them take showers every day, put screens on windows, etc. to eliminate insects
and limit bacteria.
11.
What was the biggest problem with Dr. Goldberger’s experiment?
a. No control group (in other
words, no group that got a good diet).
b. Small sample size (only
about 12 prisoners)
c. Procedures that are not reproducible
12.
How could Dr. Goldberger have increased the sample size of his experiment?
Gotten
more prisoners,
or added civilians or students or other large groups.
13.
Read this table and answer the lettered questions below it:
b. Did Natalie collect
quantitative data or qualitative data? Explain your answer.
Quantitative
c. Did Natalie’s experiment have
a constant (control, or basis for comparison)?
Yes,
group with no fertilizer
14.
What
is another word for “function”? __ __
__
J O B
15.
What is
the function of alveoli? What would
happen to a baby born with undeveloped alveoli?
Trade
CO2 for O2
Could
not Trade CO2 for O2, so baby won’t be able to breathe without
doctors’ help
16.
Define
“structure”.
¨The way
that an organ or body part is made up, including its shape and tissues.
(or,
How something is put together to help it do its job).
17.
How
are bones structured to make them strong? (Hint: what’s on the inside? What’s
on the outside?)
Cells
on the outside are coated with minerals, which
makes them very strong. ON the inside, are less dense cells (“marrow”)
that make blood cells.
18.
Organ
systems: What are the functions and organs/parts of each system?
a)Ex: Excretory
system
– organs that work together to filter out and eliminate the body’s liquid
wastes,
or urine.
This
system’s parts include the: __________, ____________, ___________, and _______.
b.Answer: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
b)
Ex:
nervous system –organs...that
control actions
of …organs
&
systems by receiving and processing sensory info…, and coordinating ….reactions.
Parts
discussed
in class: _________, ___________, and _________. The special name for nerve
cells
is : _____________.
Answer: brain,
spinal cord, nerves (incl. sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons).
Special name: neuron.
Function: Take information, process it, dictate a response.
c. Circulatory system – Answer: heart,
arteries, capillaries, veins, blood.
Function:
transports oxygen and food to cells throughout the body, gets rid of carbon
dioxide, wastes.
d. respiratory system –
Answer:
lungs, bronchial tubes, alveoli, mouth and nose.
Exchanges O2 for CO2 (waste).
e. muscular
system
–
Answer: *types of muscles:_________, _________, and
smooth muscle. Which of these types can we consciously
control?
Skeletal , cardiac, smooth.
Only skeletal muscles
can be consciously controlled, so we say they
are voluntary.
f)
skeletal system – Answer: Functions include support, movement, protection, and make blood
cells. Main parts
include: skull, spinal column, ribs, long bones, pelvis.
g)
digestive system
Answer: a)
path of food:
mouth + teeth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
b)
Not in the path, but feed digestive chems: Gall Bladder under Liver & Pancreas (GuLP)
c)
Name 3 functions of the liver: 1) cleans
blood, 2) breaks down toxins, 3) produces bile, 4) stores glycogen, 5) makes
cholesterol, 6) converts nutrients & medicines
into usable materials.
h.
d. digestive system
Answer: d)
which organs use:
mechanical breakdown?
Chemical breakdown – small intestine
Both – mouth (teeth + saliva), stomach
vNeither – esophagus, Large intestine, rectum,
anus
e. Does mechanical breakdown help chemical
breakdown? Answer: _Yes__
If so, how?
v
Food that has been mechanically
broken down has more surface area, so it can be chemically broken down faster.
19.
Levels of Organization
¨show how the human body
is
organized from
smallest to largest:
Cells --> Tissues-->
Organs--> Organ
systems-->
Organism
20.
What is a cell?
The
smallest unit of living things
21.
What
is a Tissue?
A
structure with a certain function or job made up of groups of cells.
22.
What is an organ made of?
Specialized cells and tissues.
23.
What
is a joint? Give an example and describe their main function.
Which
type provides the:
Most movement: Ball and socket (ex: shoulder)
Least movement: immovable joints such as those where the bones of your skull join.
Most movement: Ball and socket (ex: shoulder)
Least movement: immovable joints such as those where the bones of your skull join.
24.
Pick
the correct definition to match each of the terms:
a)Interneurons -- C
b)
Motor neurons – A
c)
Sensory neurons -
B
A.
message
travels
along these from brain to muscles
that
actually move, whether voluntary or involuntary.
B.
nerves
that
gather information from the world
around
us through senses (e.g., sight, hearing, touch, etc.).
C.
connect the
sensory and motor neurons;
found
in brain or spinal cord.
25.
What
is “regulation”? What
do humans and other multi-cellular organisms need to regulate?
Regulation
means to control conditions and substances in the
internal environment, keeping them in balance. “Conditions” that are regulated include body
temperature and pH, while an example of “substances
”
would be amount of water, salt, blood sugar,
oxygen, or carbon dioxide.
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